Appendix
Attempt at a chronological fixing of terms not found, or
not found in this form or meaning, in the oldest parts of the Sutta Pitaka.
akusala-sādhārana-cetasika: This term is probably
used for the first time in Abh. S., though already in Vis.M XIV the 4 cetasika in
question are mentioned amongst the mental factors associated with each of the 12 akusala-cittas
(Tab. I, 22-33), while in the Abhidhamma Pitaka (Dhs. §§ 365-429) uddhacca is
found only in the last of the 12 cittas, missing in all the remaining 11 cittas.
ānantarika-kamma: This term seems to be used
for the first time in Kath. (190) of the Abh. Canon; the 5 crimes mentioned, however, are
already enumerated and explained in the old Sutta texts (e.g. A.V, 129), as is to be seen
from the main part of this work.
ārammana: s. paccaya, 2.
avacara: kāmāvacara is already met with in
the oldest sutta texts (e.g. D. 1). Rūpāvacara and arūpāvacara, however,
occur probably for the first time in Pts.M. (I. 83ff.), while in the Abhidhamma Canon and
the Com. all the 3 terms are frequently mentioned and explained.
āvajjana: s. citta-vīthi.
avyākata: This term in the sense of 'amoral'
or 'karmically neutral', does not occur in the old sutta texts, while it is found in
Pts.M. (e.g. I, 79ff). It plays an important role in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs.) and the
philosophical commentaries.
āyūhana: probably met with for the first time in
Pts.M. (I . 10f.).
bhava: The 2-fold division, kamma and upapatti,
is probably found for the first time in Vibh. of the Abh. Canon, but it expresses
throughout the genuine teaching of the suttas.
bhāva: as an isolated word, signifying-the
physical nature or faculties of sex, probably occurs only in the Com. The expression itthibhāva
and purisabhāva, with the meaning of 'being a man', or 'being a woman', or after
ñatvā,
etc., as for instance tassā itthibhāvam ñatvā: 'knowing her to be a woman':
such expressions are often found in the oldest sutta texts.
bhavanga-sotā, -citta: These 2 compound terms
belong exclusively to the exegetical literature, while the term bhavanga is several
times, briefly and unexplained, mentioned in the Patth. of the Abh. Canon, as though
already known at that time.
carita: rāga-c., dosa-c., buddhi-c., etc.,
are only to be met with in the Com. and Vis.M
cāritta- and vāritta-sila: are only found
in the Com., as Vis.M 1, etc., but the teaching indicated by it is frequently mentioned
in the old sutta texts as karanīya and akaranīya (e.g. A. II, 16).
cetasika: This term oceurs often in the old sutta
texts, but only as adj. (e.g. cetasikam sukham, etc.) or, at times, used as
a sing. neut. noun (e.g. D. 1; p. 213, PTS). As a designation for mental factors, or
concomitants of consciousness (citta-sampayuttā dhammā), it is frequently met
with in Dhs. (§ 1189, 1512) as cetasika-dhamma, while in Vis.M, Abh. S., etc., cetasika
is used also as a neuter noun, in the sense of mental phenomenon.
citta-lahutā, -mudūta, -kammaññatā,
-pāguññatā, -ujukatā: s. lahutā.
citta-vīthi, as well as all terms for the
various functions within the processes of conseiousness, such as āvajjana-citta,
sampaticchana, santīrana, votthapana, javana, tadārammana, bhavanga, cuti: none of
these terms is found in the Sutta Canon. except javana, in Pts.M. Even in the Ahh.
Canon (e.g. Patth) only javana and bhavanga are twice or thrice briefly
mentioned. The stages, however, must have been more or less known. Cf. e.g Patth: ''Cakkhu-viññānam
tam sampayuttakā ca dhammā (= cetasikā) mano-dhātuyā (performing the sampaticchana-function),
tam sampayuttakānañ ca dhammānam (cetasikānani) anantara-paccayena paccayo.
Mano-dhātu ... manoviññāna-dhātuya (performing the santīrana and votthapana
function).... Purimā purimā kusalā dhammā (javanā) pacchimānam pacchimānam
kusalānam dhammānam (javanacittānam) anantara-paccayena paccayo... avyākatānam
dhammānam (tadārammana- and bhavanga-cittānam....)."
cuti-citta: s. citta-vīthi.
dhātu-vavatthāna: This term is first used in
Pts.M. while the subject in question is often treated in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 28,
62, 140, etc.). Cf. sammasana.
dhutanga: This compound term is used only in the
Com. The only place in the suttas where the first part, dhuta, is used in the above
sense, is found in S. XIV. The names of the performers of these 13 ascetical exercises,
however, are all mentioned in the suttas, but scattered here and there, for instance:
pamsukūlika, āraññika, pindapātika, ekāsanika, tecīvarika,
sapādānacārī,
sosānika, abhhokāsika, nesajjika, yathāsanthatika, in M. 5, 113; A. V, 181-190,
etc.; rukkhamūlika, khalupacchābhattika and pattapindika in A. V, 189f.
etc.
gotrabhū: s. javana.
hasituppāda-citta: This term is used in Abh. S.
for the citta, Tab. I, 72. This type of consciousness (the Buddha's smile) is often
implied in the suttas.
iddhi: Most, or perhaps all, of the 10 terms listed
at Vis.M XII, as adhitthāna, etc., are absent in the older sutta texts. In Pts.M.
(II, 205-214), however, they are enumerated in due order and minutely explained. The
magical powers indicated by these terms are, nevertheless, for the most part explicitly
described already in the oldest sutta texts. Cf. D. 34; M. 3; A. III, 99, etc.
indriya-samatta: This term is probably found for
the first time in the Com., esp. Vis.M IV. The rudiments of this doctrine, however, are
already found in the old sutta texts, e.g. A. III, 100.
javana: The only reference in the Sutta Pitaka is
Pts.M. II, 73: kusalakammassa javana-khane, "in the impulsion-moment of a
wholesome karma." In the Abhidhamma Pitaka it is briefly mentioned in the Patthāna,
but without explanation, as if already known. The teaching of the flashing forth of 4 javana
immediately before entering the jhāna or lokuttara-magga, i.e. parikamma,
upacāra, anuloma, gotrabhū is, as such, without doubt a later development in the
commentarial literature.
kalāpa: This doctrinal term, as well as the
doctrine of the different corporeal units or groups, such as the suddhatthaka-k.,
jīvitanavaka-k., cakkhudasaka-k., etc. (s. Vis.M XVIII), belong only to the later
developments of exegetical literature, as Vis.M etc.
kāma: Vatthu-k. and kilesa-k. are
probably found for the first time in MNid. 1. They correspond to the pañca kāmagunā
(cakkhu-viññeyyā rūpā, etc.) and kāma-rāga in the older sutta texts
(e.g A. VI, 68).
kamma: ahosi-, janaka-, garuka-, bahula-,
upatthambhaka-, upaghātaka-, upapīlaka-, maranāsanna-, upacchedaka-k. None of these
terms is found in the Sutta or Abh. Canon. They have been introduced by the commentators
(e.g. in Abh. S. and Vis.M) for the purpose of a systematical grouping of the various
aspects and functions of karma. The term katattā, however, occurs repeatedly in
the Abh. Canon in such expressions as: 'Yasmim samaye ... kusalassa kammassa
katattā
... cakkhuviññānam hoti....' (Dhs. § 431); or: 'Yam atthi rūpam kammassa
katattā ....' (Dhs. § 653); or 'katattā ca rūpānam' (Patth.), etc.
kammaññatā: s. lahutā.
kammatthānā: This term, as a designation for
the meditation exercises (bhāvanā), is found only in the Com. In the suttas the
word is only used in a concrete sense for 'field of activity or occupation', as
agriculture, trade, etc.
katattā-kamma: s. kamma.
kāya-lahutā: -mudutā, -kammaññatā,
-pāguññatā, -ujukatā, s. lahutā.
khana: The 3 phases in a moment of
consciousness, i.e. uppāda, thiti, bhanga, are probably mentioned for the first
time in the commentaries; but there is a close parallel in two sutta texts which may have
been the source for that teaching of a three-phased moment of consciousness:
"There are 3 characteristics of what is conditioned (sankhatassa
lakkhanā): an arising (uppādo) is apparent, a passing away (vayo) is
apparent, a change in the existing (thitassa aññathattam: Com. = ageing) is
apparent" (A. III, 47). The same 3 phases are mentioned in S. XXII, 37, where they
are applied to each of the 5 khandha.
kilesa: the 10 kilesa are probably for the first
time enumerated and explained in Dhs. (§§ 1229-1239). There they are, however, called kilesa-vatthu,
which name (dasa kilesa-vatthu) is already mentioned in Pts I, 130, though there
they are neither enumerated nor explained.
kiriya: (kiriyā, kriyā) citta is a
term first used in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 566-582). It has an important place in
post-canonical Abh. literature, e.g. Vis.M XIV.
lahutā, mudutā, kammaññatā: as rūpassa-,
kāya-, or citta-, are for the first time found in the Abh. Canon, esp. Dhs. All,
however, perhaps with the sole exception of paguññatā, are implied in the Sutta
Canon, e.g. 'citte mudu-bhūte kammanīye' (M 4); 'lahu-saññañ ca kāye
okkamitvā' (S. LI. 22); 'cittam ujukam akamsu' (S. I. 26; PTS). Kāya-passaddhi
and citta-passaddhi, however, are well known in the old sutta texts in this
connection.
manodvārāvajjana: s. citta-vīthi.
mudutā: s. lahutā.
ñāna: Of the 9 kinds of insight-knowledge
constituting the patipadā-ñānadassana-visuddhi (s. Vis.M XXI), the following 6
are, as such, enumerated and explained for the first time in Pts.M., namely: udayabbayānupassanā-ñāna
(I. 54-57), bhangānupassanā-ñāna, (ib. 57f.). bhayatupatthāna-ñāna
(ib. 59f). muccitukamyatā-ñāna, patisankā-ñāna, sankhārupekkhā-ñāna
(ib. 60-65). The terms udayabbaya and bhanga, in connection with the 5
groups of existence, however, are often met with in the old sutta texts. Of the remaining
3 kinds of knowledge, ādīnavānupassanā, nibbidānupassanā and anulomañāna,
the first 2 occur often in the old sutta texts, while anuloma-ñāna, though only
briefly mentioned in the Abh. Canon (Patth.), plays a prominent part in the exegetical
literature.
natthi-paccaya: s. paccaya.
n'eva-sekha-n'āsekha: While the terms sekha
and asekha occur frequently in the old sutta texts (e.g. A. II, 4: 'sekho ca
asekho ca imasmim loke... āhuneyyā' etc.), the term n'eva-sekha-n'āsekha is
perhaps mentioned for the first time in Pug. of the Abh. Canon.
nibbāna: The 2 terms kilesa- and khandha-parinibbāna
(or nibbāna) are found only in the Com.; their corresponding 2 aspects sa-upādisesa
and anupādisesa-nibbāna, however, are mentioned and explained in It. 44 of the
Sutta Canon.
nimitta: As signifying the mental reflex-image
occurring in meditation, this term, singly or in compounds (parikkamma-, uggaha-,
patibhāga-n.), is found only in the Com., Vis.M, etc. The same holds good for kamma-nimitta,
gati-nimitta.
nissarana-pahāna: s. pahāna.
nissaya, nissita: These two terms, in combination
with tanhā and ditthi, belong probably, as such, to the commentarial
literature, e.g. Vis.M I.
niyāma: The compound words utu-, bīja-,
kamma-, citta-, and dhamma-niyāma, probably occur for the first time in the Com. Niyāmatā,
however, occurs often in the old sutta texts, e.g. 'thitā va sā dhātu
dhammatthitatā dhammaniyāmata...' (A. III. 134. etc.)
niyata-micchāditthi: is apparently mentioned for
the first time in Dhs. (e.g. § 1028) of the Abh. As a name for the 10th and last of the akusala-kammapathas,
it plays a prominent role in the Com.
paccaya: This term occurs often in the old sutta
texts in such expressions as: 'ko hetu, ko paccayo', 'yam yad eva paccayam paticca
uppajjati viññānam', etc., or as abl. adverb in 'avijjāpaccayā sankhārā'. All
the 24 paccaya are for the first time enumerated, explained and applied to the
phenomena of existence in the Abh. Canon (Patth). Of these 24 paccaya, 5 are
already mentioned in Pts.M. (II, 49-54, 59f., 72-77), namely, sahajāta-,
aññamañña-, nissaya-, sampayutta-, vippayutta-paccaya.
1. Hetu is already used in the sutta texts as
'condition' in a general and indefinite way, as a synonym of paccaya. In the sense
of kusala and akusala roots (mūla; s. M. 9), however, it is only
found in the Abh. Canon and Com.
2. Ārammana has in the 'sutta texts only the
meaning of 'foundation', or 'basis', or 'dependent on', e.g. M. 21: 'tadārammanañca
sabbalokam mettāsahagatena cetasā pharitvā....' or D.33; S.XXII.53: 'viññānam
... rūpārammanam ... vedanāram-manam....' As term for the 6 objects, rūpārammana,
saddārammana, etc.,
it is first used in the Abh. Canon, though the teaching of
dependency of the 6 kinds of viññāna on the 6 sense-objects is an integral part
of the suttas. Cf. e.g. M.38: 'cakkhuñca paticca rūpe ca uppajjati viññānam
sotañca paticca sadde ca ...' etc.
3. Adhipati, as a philosophical term, occurs for
the first time in the Abh. Canon (esp. Patth.). The 4 adhipati are in the suttas
called iddhipāda (e.g. S. LI. 11). In the old sutta texts, 3 adhipateyya
are however mentioned: atta-, loka-, dhamma- (A. III, 38).
4. & 5. Anantara- and samanantara-paccaya
occur, as paccaya, for the first time in the Abh. Canon (esp. Patth.). In a veiled
form, however, we find the first term in the old sutta texts (e.g. Ratana Sutta in Khp.
and Sn.): 'samādhim ānantarikaññamāhu': the concentration (associated with the
arahatta-magga), which is called the 'immediate' condition (for arahatta-phala).
6. & 7. Sahajāta and aññamañña-paccaya.
Though these terms, as such, are not found in the older sutta texts, still the teaching of
the conascent and mutual conditionedness of the 4 mental groups (vedanā, saññā, sankhāra, viññāna) is taught in the old texts, e.g. M. 28, 43; S. XXII, etc.
8. Nissaya-paccaya is mentioned in Pts; s. first
paragraph of this article, above.
9. Upanissaya-paccaya. Though this name is not
found in the suttas, the teaching expressed thereby is, however, frequently met with
there, sometimes even in the form of upanisā (apparently a contraction of upanissaya),
e.g. S. XII, 23: 'Yam pi'ssa tam bhikkhave khayasmim khaye ñānam, tam sa-upanisam
vadāmi, no anupanisam '. The terms pakati-, ārammana- and anantara-upanissaya
are later developments of the Abh. Com.
All the remaining terms are met with only in the Abh.
literature though the substance is, perhaps in all cases, already dealt with in the old
sutta texts.
pādaka-jjhāna: This term is not found in the
Sutta Canon, nor apparently in the Abh. Canon, but very often used in the exegetical
literature. The idea, however, expressed thereby, is implied in many places of the old
sutta texts, e.g., A. IX, 36, where it is shown how the jhānas, one after the
other, may serve as basis, or foundation (as mental object), for vipassanā. In
many of the old sutta texts it is also shown how the 4th jhāna forms the
foundation for the attainment of the 5 higher spiritual powers (abhiññā).
pāguññatā: s. lahutā.
pahāna: The 5 terms, as vikkhambhana,
etc., are, as such, not found in the old sutta texts, but they are enumerated and
explained already in Pts.M. (II. 179f.).
palibodha: This 10-fold group is perhaps for the
first time mentioned in Khp. Com. and explained in Vis.M III.
pañca-dvārāvajjana: s. āvajjana.
paramattha s. vohāra-desanā.
pāramī, pāramitā: Only the Com. deals with
this subject, apart from the 3 apocryphal works, Buddhavamsa and Cariyapitaka, and the
Jātaka.
paricchinnākāsa: This term is used in the Com.
for the term ākāsa-kasina used in the older sutta texts.
pariññā: ñāta-, tīrana-, pahāna-p., belong
to the exegetical literature, but they are already implied in Pts.M. I. 87: 'Abhiññā-paññā ñātatthe ñānam,
pariññā-paññā tīranatthe ñānam, pahāna-paññā pariccāgatthe ñānam ... ye ye
dhammā abhiññātā honti, te te dhammā ñāta honti
... tīritā ... pahīnā.'
pariyatti, patipatti, pativedha: The first of
these 3 fundamental terms, especially in this 3-fold grouping, belongs to the commentarial
literature, though the idea expressed thereby is often found in the suttas in such
expressions as: 'dhammam pariyāpunāti suttam geyyam veyyākaranam ....' The 2
other terms are found separately in the suttas.
patipannaka: occurs in Pug. 17.
patipatti: s. pariyatti.
patisandhi: is chiefly a commentarial term; but it
occurs several times in one of the later books of the Sutta Pitaka, the
Patisambhidā
Magga (Pts.M. I, 11f, 52, 59f.; II, 72f.). The usual sutta term for 'rebirth' is punabbhava.
patisandhika: ahetu-, dvihetu-, and tihetu-p.:
are purely commentarial terms. For patisandhi-citta, s. citta-vīthi.
pativedha: s. pariyatti.
pattidāna: This term is found only in the
Com., but the belief expressed by it is several times mentioned in the older sutta texts.
Cf. the main part of this work.
rūpa: the terms nipphanna-rūpa and rūpa-rūpa
are used only in the Com., although sappatigha and pasāda are already found
in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 585, 597f.), while upādinna occurs repeatedly in
the old sutta texts, e.g. M. 28, apparently with the meaning given in the main part of
this work. Cf. further upādā-rūpa.
samādhi: parikamma-, upacāra-, and
appanā-s.:
are found only in the Com.
sama-sīsī: This term seems to be met with for the
first time in Pug. 19, while the person indicated is described in A., as is to be seen in
the main part of this work.
samatha-yānika: s. sukkha-vipassaka.
sammasana: This term, as noun, occurs probably
for the first time in Pts.M. I. 53, although as a verb it is found already in the old
texts. The same holds good with its synonym vavatthāna.
sammuti: s. sacca.
sampaticchana-citta: s. citta-vīthi.
samutthāna: kamma- (= kamma-ja), utu-,
āhāra-s.: these terms are found only in the Com. Citta-samutthāna-rūpa,
however, occurs already in Dhs. (§ 586) of the Abh. Canon; and is indicated very often in
Patth., e.g. 'tam (cittam) samutthānānañ ca rūpānam'. The teaching of the
origin of matter is, of course, already implied in the old sutta texts.
santāna, santati: The terms citta-, rūpa-,
khandha-, bhavanga-s.:, etc., are found, here and there, in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs.
§ 634, Kath. 110; s. Guide V), but they are often met with in the Abh. Com. In the Sutta
(Therag. 716) is found sankhārasantati.
santīrana-citta: s. citta-vīthi.
sīla: paccayasannissita-,
paccāvekkhana-sīla:, etc., are terms used in the Com. for the proper contemplation (patisankhā
yoniso) of the 4 requisites of a monk, often dealt with in the old texts (e.g. M. 2).
Also the 3 other pārisuddhi-sīla, as pātimokkhasamvara-, indriya-, and
ājīvapārisuddhi-sīla,
though under these names perhaps only known in the Com., are fully dealt with in the old
texts, e.g. M.53, D.2, M.2, etc. The terms pannatti- and paññatti-sīla
are used only in the Com.
sukkha-vipassaka = suddha-vipassanā-yānika:
these terms are used only in the Com., as also their counterpart samathayānika.
tadārammana-citta: s. citta-vīthi.
tathatā: This term, with the meaning in
question, occurs perhaps only once in the Canon, namely in Kath. (s. Guide 83). Whether it
is found also somewhere in the Com. , I am unable to say.
tatramajjhattatā: occurs probably for the first
time in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Patth.; cf. Guide 110).
theravāda: This term was already used by the
Buddha himself in speaking of the doctrine of Ālāra-Kālāma (s. M. 26). As a name for
the Buddha's doctrine it belongs to the commentarial literature.
ujukatā: s. lahutā.
upacaya: is an Abh. term but already alluded to in
the old sutta texts, e.g. M. 149: 'āyatim pañcūpādānakkhandhā upacayam
gacchanti', or in D.2: 'Ayam kāyo ... odana-kummās' upacayo'.
upādā-rūpa: is, as such, an Abh. term, but
it is used with the same meaning in the sutta texts, c.g. in M. 9: 'catunnañ ca
mahābhūtānam upādāyn rūpam'. Upādā is an abbreviation of upādāya
(gerund).
vāritta-sīla: s. cāritta.
vasī: The 5 kinds of vasī are probably
found first in the Vis.M
vatthu: as a general term for the 5 sense-organs (cakkhu-vatthu,
etc ) is frequent in the Com., and often used together with ārammana (object).
This usage, however, is already indicated in the Abh. Canon: 'Cakkhum p'etam... vatthum
p'etam' (Dhs. § 597; Vibh., p.71, PTS): 'cakkhuviññānassa vatthu' (Dhs.
§§ 679ff.).
vimokkha: The 3, i.e. suññatā-, animitta-,
appanihita-: are for the first time described and enumerated in Pts.M. II, 351. As
suññatāsamādhi, etc., however, they are already given at D. 33.
viññatti: kāya- and vacī-v., seem
to occur for the first time in Dhs. (§§ 665,718) of the Abh. Canon.
vipassanā: is frequently found in the older sutta
texts (e.g. A. II, 32; S. XLV, 159), also together with samatha. The 9 and 18
insight-knowledges (vipassanā-ñāna and mahā-vipassanā), however, occur
in the Sutta Pitaka only in the Pts.M., Ñānakathā, where they are enumerated and
explained, though without any group name being attached to them.
vipassanūpakkilesa: The group of 10 is mentioned
for the first time in Pts.M. II, 102, and it is said that the mind may become defiled
thereby (kilissati), but the above term is not used for the 10. This is probably
done for the first time in Vis.M XX.
vivatta: as a name for Nibbāna, seems to be found
only in the Com.
vivattanānupassanā: is already mentioned in
Pts.M., together with the remaining 17 kinds of vipassanā. In the old texts it is
not found.
vohāra-sacca: etc. The terms paramattha-,
vohāra-, sammuti-: etc., belong as such to the commentarial literature, but their
significance is clearly shown in the old sutta texts, e.g. D. 9: 'loka-sāmaññā,
loka-vohāra'; further(D 33): 'sammuti-ñāna', etc.
vokāra: pañca-, catu-, and eka-v. (bhava),
occur as technical terms only in the Abh. (Vibh., Yam., Patth.) and Com., e.g. Vis.M, but
their substance is an integral part of the suttas.
votthapana-citta: s. citta-vīthi.
vutthāna-gāminī-vipassanā: is probably
implied in Pts.M. I, 60, under the name of vutthāna-vivattane ñāna.
yamaka-pātihāriya: is perhaps for the first time
mentioned and described in Pts.M., as seen in the main part of this work.
yogāvacara, yogi: These 2 terms belong to the
commentarial literature, but the first term appears also in Mil.
